Concepts

Data leak prevention examines network traffic for data patterns you define through the use of the GUI and CLI commands. The DLP feature is broken down into a number of parts. Note, DLP is not available in flow-based inspection.

DLP sensor

A DLP sensor is a package of filters. To use DLP, you must enable it in a security policy and select the DLP sensor to use. The traffic controlled by the security policy will be searched for the patterns defined in the filters contained in the DLP sensor. Matching traffic will be passed or blocked according to how you configured the filters.

DLP filter

Each DLP sensor has one or more filters configured within it. Filters can examine traffic for known files using DLP fingerprints, for files of a particular type or name, for files larger than a specified size, for data matching a specified regular expression, or for traffic matching an advanced rule or compound rule.

DLP filter actions

You can configure the action taken when a match is detected. The actions include:

• Allow
• Log Only
• Block
• Quarantine IP address

Log Only is enabled by default.

Allow

The FortiGate takes no action, even if the patterns specified in the filter are matched.

Log Only

The FortiGate takes no action on network traffic matching a rule with this action. The filter match is logged.

Block

Traffic matching a filter with the block action will not be delivered. The matching message or download is replaced with the data leak prevention replacement message.

Quarantine IP Address/ Source IP ban

Starting in FortiOS 5.2, the quarantine, as a place where traffic content was held in storage so it couldn’t interact with the network or system, was removed. The term quarantine was kept to describe preventing selected source IPs from interacting with the network and protected systems. This source IP ban is kept in the kernel rather than in any specific application engine and can be queried by APIs. The features that can use the APIs to access and use the banned source IP addresses are antivirus, DLP, DoS and IPS. Both IPv4 and IPv6 version are included in this feature.

If the quarantine-ip action is used, the additional variable of expiry time will become available. This variable determines for how long the source IP address will be blocked. In the GUI it is shown as a field before minutes. In the CLI the option is called expiry and the duration is in the format <###d##h##m>. The maximum days value is 364. The maximum hour value is 23 and the maximum minute value is 59. The default is 5 minutes.

If a DLP sensor has contains a DLP filter with action set to Allow certain files and another DLP filter with action set to Block those same files, then the order of the filters within that sensor will determine which action is taken first.

Configuring using the CLI

To configure the DLP sensor to add the source IP address of the sender of a protected file to the quarantine or list of banned source IP addresses edit the DLP Filter, use these CLI commands:

config dlp sensor

edit <sensor name>

config filter

edit <id number of filter>

set action quarantine-ip

set expiry 5m

end

end

Preconfigured sensors

A number of preconfigured sensors are provided with your FortiGate unit. These can be edited to more closely match your needs.

Two of the preconfigured sensors with filters ready for you to enable are:

• Credit-Card - This sensor logs the traffic, both files and messages, that contain credit card numbers in the formats used by American Express, MasterCard and Visa.
• SSN-Sensor - This sensor logs the traffic, both files and messages, that contain Social Security Numbers with the exception of those that are WebEx invitation emails.

These rules affect only unencrypted traffic types. If you are using a FortiGate unit that can decrypt and examine encrypted traffic, you can enable those traffic types in these rules to extend their functionality if required.

Before using the rules, examine them closely to ensure you understand how they will affect the traffic on your network.

DLP document fingerprinting

One of the DLP techniques to detect sensitive data is fingerprinting (also called document fingerprinting). Most DLP techniques rely on you providing a characteristic of the file you want to detect, whether it’s the file type, the file name, or part of the file contents. Fingerprinting is different in that you provide the file itself. The FortiGate unit then generates a checksum fingerprint and stores it. The FortiGate unit generates a fingerprint for all files detected in network traffic, and it is compared to all of the fingerprints stored in its fingerprint database. If a match is found, the configured action is taken.

The document fingerprint feature requires a FortiGate unit with internal storage.

Any type of file can be detected by DLP fingerprinting and fingerprints can be saved for each revision of your files as they are updated.

To use fingerprinting you:

• select the documents to be fingerprinted
• add fingerprinting filters to DLP sensors
• add the sensors to firewall policies that accept the traffic to which to apply fingerprinting.

Fingerprinting

Fingerprint scanning allows you to create a library of files for the FortiGate unit to examine. It will create checksum fingerprints so each file can be easily identified. Then, when files appear in network traffic, the FortiGate will generate a checksum fingerprint and compare it to those in the fingerprint database. A match triggers the configured action.

You must configure a document source or uploaded documents to the FortiGate unit for fingerprint scanning to work.

Fingerprinted documents

The FortiGate unit must have access to the documents for which it generates fingerprints.

Configuring the document source

To configure a DLP fingerprint document source in FortiOS 5.6.0, you must use CLI commands.

config dlp fp-doc-source

edit <name_str>

set name <string>

set server-type {smb}

set server <string>

set period {none | daily | weekly | monthly}

set vdom {mgmt | current}

set scan-subdirectories {enable | disable}

set remove-deleted {enable | disable}

set keep-modified {enable | disable}

set username <string>

set password <password>

set file-path <string>

set file-pattern <string>

set sensitivity <string>

set tod-hour <integer>

set tod-min <integer>

set weekday {sunday | monday | tuesday | wednesday | thursday | friday | saturday}

set date <integer>

end

Configuring a DLP fingerprint sensor

To configure a DLP fingerprint sensor in FortiOS 5.6.0, you must use CLI commands.

config dlp sensor

edit <sensor name>

config filter

edit <id number of filter>

set proto {smtp | pop3 | imap http-get | http-post | ftp | nntp | mapi}

set filter-by fingerprint

set fp-sensitivity { critical | private | warning}

set action {allow | log-only | block | ban | quarantine-ip | quarantine-port}

next

end

next

Once you have set the document source and configured the DLP sensor for fingerprinting, add the DLP sensor to the applicable firewall policy. This can be done through the GUI.

File size

This filter-type checks for files exceeding a configured size. All files larger than the specified size are subject to the configured action. The value of the field is measured in kilobytes (KB).

DLP filtering by specific file types

File filters use file filter lists to examine network traffic for files that match either file names or file types. For example, you can create a file filter list that will find files called secret.* and also all JPEG graphic files. You can create multiple file filter lists and use them in filters in multiple DLP sensors as required.

Specify File Types is a DLP option that allows you to block files based on their file name or their type.

• File types are a means of filtering based on examination of the file contents, regardless of the file name. If you block the file type Archive (zip), all zip archives are blocked even if they are renamed with a different file extension. The FortiGate examines the file contents to determine what type of file it is and then acts accordingly.
• File Name patterns are a means of filtering based purely on the names of files. They may include wildcards (*). For example, blocking *.scr will stop all files with an .scr file extension, which is commonly used for Windows screen saver files. Files trying to pass themselves off as Windows screen saver files by adopting the file-naming convention will also be stopped.
• Files can specify the full or partial file name, the full or partial file extension, or any combination. File pattern entries are not case sensitive. For example, adding *.exe to the file pattern list also blocks any files ending with .exe.
• Files are compared to the enabled file patterns from top to bottom, in list order.

If DLP detects a file inside an archive that should be blocked, the entire archive will be blocked.

Watermarking

Watermarking is essentially marking files with a digital pattern to mark the file as being proprietary to a specific company. Fortinet provides a Linux-based utility that applies a digital watermark to files. The utility adds a small (approx. 100 byte) pattern to the file that is recognized by the DLP watermark filter. The pattern is invisible to the end user.

When watermarking a file it should be verified that the pattern matches up to a category found on the FortiGate firewall. For example, if you are going to watermark a file with the sensitivity level of “Secret” you should verify that “Secret” is a sensitivity level that has been assigned in the FortiGate unit.

Watermark Sensitivity

If you are using watermarking on your files you can use this filter to check for watermarks that correspond to sensitivity categories that you have set up.

The Corporate Identifier is to make sure that you are only blocking watermarks that your company has place on the files, not watermarks with the same name by other companies.

Software Versions

Before planning on using watermarking software it is always best to verify that the software will work with your OS. Currently, the only utility available to watermark files is a Linux-based command line tool. It is available for download from the Fortinet Customer Service & Support website, with a valid support contract and access to the site. To access the file:

1. Sign into the Fortinet Customer Service & Support website.
2. Go to https://support.fortinet.com/Download/FirmwareImages.aspx.
3. Navigate to the image file path for /FortiGate / v5.00 / 5.0 / WATERMARK
4. Download the file fortinet-watermark-linux.out.

File types

The watermark utility does not work with every file type. The following file types are supported by the watermark tool: .txt; .pdf; .doc; .xls; .ppt; .docx; pptx; and, .xlsx.

Syntax of the watermark utility

The tool is executed in a Linux environment by passing in files or directories of files to insert a watermark.

USAGE:

watermark_linux_amd64 <options> -f <file name> -i <identifier> -l <sensitivity level>

watermark_linux_amd64 <options> -d <directory> -i <identifier> -l <sensitivity level>

Options:

-h print help

-I inplace watermarking (don't copy file)

-o output file (or directory in directory mode)

-e encode <to non-readable>

-i add watermark identifier

-l add watermark sensitivity level

-D delete watermark identifier

-L delete watermark sensitivity level

Regular expression

The FortiGate unit checks network traffic for the regular expression specified in a regular expression filter. The regular expression library used by Fortinet is a variation of a library called PCRE (Perl Compatible Regular Expressions). A number of these filters can be added to a sensor making a sort of ‘dictionary’ subset within the sensor.

Some other, more limited DLP implementations, use a list of words in a text file to define what words are searched for. While the format used here is slightly different than what some people are used to, the resulting effect is similar. Each regular expression filter can be thought of as a more versatile word to be searched against. In this dictionary (or sensor), the list of words is not limited to just predefined words. It can include expressions that accommodate complex variations on those words and even target phrases. Another advantage of the individual filter model of this dictionary over the list is that each word can be assigned its own action, making this implementation much more granular.

Encrypted

This filter is a binary one. If the file going through the policy is encrypted the action is triggered.

Examining specific services

To assist in optimizing the performance of the firewall, the option exists to select which services or protocol traffic will be checked for the targeted content. This setting gives you a tool to save the resources of the FortiGate unit by only using processing cycles on the relevant traffic. Just check the boxes associated with the service / protocol that you want to have checked for filter triggers.