SSL VPN with certificate authentication

This is an example configuration of SSL VPN that requires users to authenticate using a client certificate. The client certificate is issued by the company Certificate Authority (CA). Each user is issued a certificate with their username in the subject.

There are two ways to configure certificate authentication:

1. Using PKI users

2. Configuring the SSL VPN settings to require a client certificate

In this example, the server and client certificates are signed by the same Certificate Authority (CA).

Self-signed certificates are provided by default to simplify initial installation and testing. It is HIGHLY recommended that you acquire a signed certificate for your installation. Continuing to use these certificates can result in your connection being compromised, allowing attackers to steal your information, such as credit card details. For more information, please review the Use a non-factory SSL certificate for the SSL VPN portal and learn how to Procuring and importing a signed SSL certificate.

Using PKI users

When using PKI users, the FortiGate authenticates the user based on there identity in the subject or the common name on the certificate. The certificate must be signed by a CA that is known by the FortiGate, either through the default CA certificates or through importing a CA certificate.

The user can either match a static subject or common name defined in the PKI user settings, or match an LDAP user in the LDAP server defined in the PKI user settings. Multi-factor authentication can also be enabled with the password as the second factor.

Configuring the SSL VPN settings to require a client certificate

Using this method, the user is authenticated based on their regular username and password, but SSL VPN will still require an additional certificate check. The client certificate only needs to be signed by a known CA in order to pass authentication.

This method can be configured by enabling Require Client Certificate (reqclientcert) in the SSL-VPN settings.

Configuration

In the following example, SSL VPN users are authenticated using the first method. A PKI user is configured with multi-factor authentication

Pre-requisites:

• The CA has already issued a client certificate to the user.

• The CA has issued a server certificate for the FortiGate’s SSL VPN portal.

• The CA certificate is available to be imported on the FortiGate.

To configure SSL VPN in the GUI:

1. Install the server certificate. The server certificate allows the clients to authenticate the server and to encrypt the SSL VPN traffic.

   1. Go to System > Feature Visibility and ensure Certificates is enabled.

   2. Go to System > Certificates and select Import > Local Certificate.

      • Set Type to Certificate.

      • Choose the Certificate file and the Key file for your certificate, and enter the Password.

      • If required, you can change the Certificate Name.

   The server certificate now appears in the list of Certificates.

2. Install the CA certificate.

   The CA certificate is the certificate that signed both the server certificate and the user certificate. In this example, it is used to authenticate SSL VPN users.

   1. Go to System > Certificates and select Import > CA Certificate.

   2. Select Local PC and then select the certificate file.

   The CA certificate now appears in the list of External CA Certificates. In this example, it is called CA_Cert_1.

3. Configure PKI users and a user group.

   To use certificate authentication, use the CLI to create PKI users.

   config user peer
       edit pki01
           set ca CA_Cert_1
           set subject "CN=User01"
       next
   end

   Ensure that the subject matches the name of the user certificate. In this example, User01.

4. After you have create a PKI user, a new menu is added to the GUI:

   1. Go to User & Authentication > PKI to see the new user.

   2. Edit the user account.

   3. Enable Two-factor authentication and set a password for the account.

   4. Go to User & Authentication > User Groups and create a group called sslvpngroup.

   5. Add the PKI user pki01 to the group.

5. Configure SSL VPN web portal.

   1. Go to VPN > SSL-VPN Portals to edit the full-access portal.

      This portal supports both web and tunnel mode.

   2. Disable Enable Split Tunneling so that all SSL VPN traffic goes through the FortiGate.

6. Configure SSL VPN settings.

   1. Go to VPN > SSL-VPN Settings and enable SSL-VPN.

   2. Set the Listen on Interface(s) to wan1.

   3. Set Listen on Port to 10443.

   4. Set Server Certificate to the local certificate that was imported.

   5. Under Authentication/Portal Mapping, set default Portal web-access for All Other Users/Groups.

   6. Create new Authentication/Portal Mapping for group sslvpngroup mapping portal full-access.

7. Configure SSL VPN firewall policy.

   1. Go to Policy & Objects > Firewall Policy.

   2. Fill in the firewall policy name. In this example, sslvpn certificate auth.

   3. Incoming interface must be SSL-VPN tunnel interface(ssl.root).

   4. Set the Source Address to all and Source User to sslvpngroup.

   5. Set the Outgoing Interface to the local network interface so that the remote user can access the internal network. In this example, port1.

   6. Set Destination Address to the internal protected subnet 192.168.1.0.

   7. Set Schedule to always, Service to ALL, and Action to Accept.

   8. Enable NAT.

   9. Configure any remaining firewall and security options as needed.

   10. Click OK.

To configure SSL VPN in the CLI:

1. Configure the protected subnet:

   config firewall address
       edit "192.168.1.0"
           set subnet 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0
       next
   end

2. Install the server certificate:

   The server certificate allows the clients to authenticate the server and to encrypt the SSL VPN traffic. While it is easier to install the server certificate in the GUI, the CLI can be used to import a p12 certificate from a TFTP server.

   To import a p12 certificate, put the certificate server_certificate.p12 on your TFTP server, then run following command on the FortiGate:

   execute vpn certificate local import tftp server_certificate.p12 <your tftp_server> p12 <your password for PKCS12 file>

   To check that the server certificate is installed:

   show vpn certificate local server_certificate

3. Install the CA certificate:

   The CA certificate is the certificate that signed both the server certificate and the user certificate. In this example, it is used to authenticate SSL VPN users. While it is easier to install the CA certificate from GUI, the CLI can be used to import a CA certificates from a TFTP server.

   To import a CA certificate, put the CA certificate on your TFTP server, then run following command on the FortiGate:

   execute vpn certificate ca import tftp <your CA certificate name> <your tftp server>

   To check that a new CA certificate is installed:

   show vpn certificate ca

4. Configure PKI users and a user group:

   config user peer
       edit pki01
           set ca CA_Cert_1
           set subject "CN=User01"
           set two-factor enable
           set passwd **********
       next
   end

   config user group
       edit "sslvpngroup" 
           set member "pki01"
       next 
   end

5. Configure SSL VPN web portal:

   config vpn ssl web portal
       edit "full-access"
           set tunnel-mode enable
           set web-mode enable
           set ip-pools "SSLVPN_TUNNEL_ADDR1"
           set split-tunneling disable
        next
   end

6. Configure SSL VPN settings:

   config vpn ssl settings
       set servercert "server_certificate"
       set tunnel-ip-pools "SSLVPN_TUNNEL_ADDR1"
       set source-interface "wan1"
       set source-address "all"
       set default-portal "web-access"
       config authentication-rule
           edit 1
               set groups "sslvpngroup"
               set portal "full-access"
           next   
       end		
   end

7. Configure one SSL VPN firewall policy to allow remote user to access the internal network:

   config firewall policy 
       edit 1
           set name "sslvpn web mode access"
           set srcintf "ssl.root"
           set dstintf "port1"
           set srcaddr "all"
           set dstaddr "192.168.1.0"
           set groups “sslvpngroup”
           set action accept
           set schedule "always"
           set service "ALL"
           set nat enable
       next
   end

Installation

To use the user certificate, you must first install it on the user’s PC. When the user tries to authenticate, the user certificate is checked against the CA certificate to verify that they match.

Every user should have a unique user certificate. This allows you to distinguish each user and revoke a specific user’s certificate, such as if a user no longer has VPN access.

To install the user certificate on Windows 7, 8, and 10:

1. Double-click the certificate file to open the Import Wizard.
2. Use the Import Wizard to import the certificate into the Personal store of the current user.

To install the user certificate on Mac OS X:

1. Open the certificate file, to open Keychain Access.
2. Double-click the certificate.
3. Expand Trust and select Always Trust.

To see the results of tunnel connection:

1. Download FortiClient from www.forticlient.com.
2. Open the FortiClient Console and go to Remote Access > Configure VPN.
3. Add a new connection.
   • Set VPN Type to SSL VPN.
   • Set Remote Gateway to the IP of the listening FortiGate interface, in this example, 172.20.120.123.
4. Select Customize Port and set it to 10443.
5. Enable Client Certificate and select the authentication certificate.
6. Save your settings.
7. Use the credentials you've set up to connect to the SSL VPN tunnel.

   If the certificate is correct, you can connect.

To see the results of web portal:

1. In a web browser, log into the portal http://172.20.120.123:10443.

   A message requests a certificate for authentication.

2. Select the user certificate.
3. Enter your user credentials.

   If the certificate is correct, you can connect to the SSL VPN web portal.

To check the SSL VPN connection using the GUI:

1. Go to VPN > Monitor > SSL-VPN Monitor to verify the list of SSL users.
2. Go to Log & Report > Events and select VPN Events from the event type dropdown list to view the details for the SSL connection log.

To check the SSL VPN connection using the CLI:

get vpn ssl monitor
SSL VPN Login Users:
 Index   User    Auth Type      Timeout         From     HTTP in/out    HTTPS in/out
 0       pki01,cn=User01          1(1)            229     10.1.100.254   0/0     0/0
 1       pki01,cn=User01          1(1)            291     10.1.100.254   0/0     0/0

SSL VPN sessions:
 Index   User    Source IP      Duration        I/O Bytes       Tunnel/Dest IP 
 0       pki01,cn=User01          10.1.100.254    9       22099/43228    10.212.134.200