HA and load balancing

FGCP active-active HA uses a technique similar to unicast load balancing where the primary unit is associated with the cluster HA virtual MAC addresses and cluster IP addresses. The primary unit is the only cluster unit that receives packets sent to the cluster. The primary unit uses a load balancing schedule to distribute sessions to all cluster units (including the primary unit). Subordinate unit interfaces retain their actual MAC addresses, and the primary unit communicates with the subordinate units using these MAC addresses. Packets exiting the subordinate units proceed directly to their destination and do not pass through the primary unit.

By default, active-active HA load balancing distributes proxy-based security profile processing to all cluster units. Proxy-based security profile processing is CPU and memory-intensive, so FGCP load balancing may result in higher throughput because resource-intensive processing is distributed among all cluster units.

The following proxy-based security profile processing is load balanced:

• Virus scanning
• Web filtering
• Email filtering
• Data leak prevention (DLP) of HTTP, FTP, IMAP, IMAPS, POP3, POP3S, SMTP, SMTPS, IM, and NNTP sessions accepted by firewall policies

Other features enabled in firewall policies such as endpoint security, traffic shaping, and authentication have no effect on active-active load balancing.

Active-active HA load balancing does not support software switches. See Software switch.

The load-balance-all option can be enabled to have the primary unit load balance all TCP sessions. Load balancing TCP sessions increases overhead and may actually reduce performance. This setting is disabled by default.

To configure TCP session load balancing:

config system ha
    set load-balance-all {enable | disable}
end

NP6 and NP7 processors can offload and accelerate load balancing. See NP session offloading in HA active-active configuration for more information.

During active-active HA load balancing, the primary unit uses the configured load balancing schedule to determine which cluster unit will process a session. The primary unit stores the load balancing information for each load balanced session in the cluster load balancing session table. Using the information in this table, the primary unit can then forward all of the remaining packets in each session to the appropriate cluster unit. The load balancing session table is synchronized among all cluster units.

ICMP, multicast, and broadcast sessions are never load balanced and are always processed by the primary unit. The following sessions are only processed by the primary unit:

• IPS
• Application control
• Flow-based virus scanning
• Flow-based web filtering
• Flow-based DLP
• Flow-based email filtering
• VoIP
• IM
• P2P
• IPsec VPN
• SSL VPN
• HTTP multiplexing
• SSL offloading
• WAN optimization
• Explicit web proxy
• WCCP

In addition to load balancing, active-active HA provides the same session, device, and link failover protection as active-passive HA. If the primary unit fails, a subordinate unit becomes the primary unit and resumes operating the cluster. Active-active HA maintains as many load balanced sessions as possible after a failover by continuing to process the load balanced sessions that were being processed by the cluster units that are still operating.

Load balancing schedules

The load balancing schedule controls how the primary unit distributes packets to all cluster units.

To configure the load balancing schedule:

config system ha
    set schedule {none | hub | leastconnection | round-robin | weight‑round‑robin | random | ip | ipport}
end

The following table outlines the load balancing schedule options.

Schedule	Description
None	Use no load balancing. Select this option when the cluster interfaces are connected to load balancing switches. The primary unit does not load balance traffic, and the subordinate units process incoming traffic that does not come from the primary unit. For all other load balancing schedules, all traffic is received first by the primary unit and then forwarded to the subordinate units. The subordinate units only receive and process packets sent from the primary unit.
Hub	Perform load balancing if the cluster interfaces are connected to a hub. Traffic is distributed to cluster units based on the source and destination IP of the packet.
Least connection	Distribute network traffic to the cluster unit currently processing the fewest connections.
Round robin	Distribute network traffic to the next available cluster unit.
Weighted round robin	This is similar to round robin, but weighted values are assigned to each cluster unit based on their capacity and how many connections they are currently processing. For example, the primary unit should have a lower weighted value because it handles scheduling and forwards traffic. Weighted round robin distributes traffic more evenly because units that are not processing traffic will be more likely to receive new connections than units that are very busy.
Random	Randomly distribute traffic to cluster units.
IP	Distribute traffic to cluster units based on the source and destination IP of the packet.
IP port	Distribute traffic to cluster units based on based on the source IP, source port, destination IP, and destination port of the packet.

Once a packet has been propagated to a subordinate unit, all packets are part of that same communication session are propagated to that same subordinate unit. Traffic is distributed according to the communication session, not just an individual packet.

Any subordinate unit that receives a forwarded packet processes it without applying load balancing. Note that subordinate units are still considered to be active because they perform routing, virus scanning, and other tasks on their share of the traffic. Active subordinate units share their session and link status information with all cluster units. Active subordinate units do not make load balancing decisions.

The primary unit is responsible for the load balancing process, and still performs other FortiGate tasks. Depending on the load balancing schedule used, the primary unit may assign itself a smaller share of the total load.

Active-active failover

If a subordinate unit fails, the primary unit redistributes the sessions that the subordinate was processing among the remaining active cluster members. If the primary unit fails, the subordinate units negotiate to select a new primary unit. The new primary unit continues to distribute packets among the remaining active cluster units.

Failover works in a similar way if the cluster consists of only two units. If the primary unit fails, the subordinate unit negotiates and becomes the new primary unit. If the subordinate unit fails, the primary unit processes all traffic. In both cases, the single remaining unit continues to function as a primary unit, maintaining the HA virtual MAC address for all of its interfaces.

HTTPS sessions and active-active load balancing

Active-active HA does not load balance HTTPS sessions that have SSL deep packet scanning enabled. This is to prevent HTTPS web filtering problems. The FortiGate identifies HTTPS sessions as all sessions received on the HTTPS TCP port. The default HTTPS port is 443. If the HTTPS port is changed in the SSL/SSH inspection profile applied in the firewall policy, FGCP stops load balancing all sessions that use the custom HTTPS port.

HTTPS traffic passing through a firewall policy that does not have UTM enabled, or has UTM enabled without deep inspection, can still be load balanced when load-balance-all is enabled.